Eiffel Tower

Whether you're lucky enough to have visited Paris or have only ever dreamed of going there, chances are you know of the French capital's most beloved landmark: the Eiffel Tower.

The Eiffel Tower, La Tour Eiffel in French, was the main exhibit of the Paris Exposition — or World's Fair — of 1889. It was constructed to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution and to demonstrate France's industrial prowess to the world.

World's Fair centerpiece

            Gustave Eiffel, a French civil engineer, is usually credited with designing the tower that bears his name. However, it was actually two lesser-known men, Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who came up with the original drawings for the monument.

Eiffel Tower

A 2011 light show at the Eiffel Tower used 20,000 bulbs. Overall, the tower is lined with 5 billion lights.

           Kochlin and Nouguier were the chief engineers for the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel — Gustave Eiffel's engineering firm. Together with Eiffel and a French architect, Stephen Sauvestre, the engineers submitted their plans to a contest that would determine the centerpiece for the 1889 World's Fair in Paris.

           The Eiffel company's design won, and construction of the wrought iron tower began in July 1887. But not everyone in Paris was thrilled with the idea of a giant metal monument looming over the city. When construction of the tower began on the Champs de Mars, a group of 300 artists, sculptors, writers and architects sent a petition to the commissioner of the Paris Exposition, pleading him to halt construction of the "ridiculous tower" that would dominate Paris like a "gigantic black smokestack."

           But the protests of Paris' artistic community fell on deaf ears. Construction of the tower was completed in just over two years, on March 31, 1889.

Construction of the Eiffel Tower

            Each of the 18,000 pieces used to build the tower was calculated specifically for the project and prepared in Eiffel's factory on the outskirts of Paris. The wrought iron structure is composed of four immense arched legs, set on masonry piers, that curve inward until joining in a single, tapered tower.

Building the tower required 2.5 million thermally assembled rivets and 7,300 tons of iron. To protect the tower from the elements, workers painted every inch of the structure, a feat that required 60 tons of paint. The tower has since been repainted 18 times.

Eiffel Tower Facts

• Gustave Eiffel used latticed wrought iron to construct the tower to demonstrate that the metal could be as strong as stone while being lighter.

• Gustave Eiffel also created the internal frame for the Statue of Liberty.

• Construction of the Eiffel Tower cost 7,799,401.31 French gold francs in 1889.

•   The Eiffel Tower is 1,063 feet (324 meters) tall, including the antenna at the top. Without the antenna, it is 984 feet (300 m). It was the tallest manmade structure until the Chrysler Building was built in New York in 1930.

• The tower was built to sway slightly in the wind, but the sun affects the tower more. As the sun-facing side of the tower heats up, the top moves as much as 7 inches (18 centimeters) away from the sun.

• The sun also causes the tower to grow about 6 inches.

• The Eiffel Tower weighs 10,000 tons.

• There are 5 billion lights on the Eiffel Tower.

•  The French have a nickname for the tower: La Dame de Fer, "the Iron Lady."

• The first platform is 190 feet above the ground; the second platform is 376 feet, and the third platform is almost 900 feet up.

• The Eiffel Tower has 108 stories, with 1,710 steps. However, visitors can only climb stairs to the first platform. There are two elevators.

• One elevator travels a total distance of 64,001 miles (103,000 kilometers) a year.

Uses of the tower

           When the Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel first won the commission to build a tower on the Champs de Mars, it was understood that the structure was temporary and would be removed after 20 years. But Gustave Eiffel was not keen on seeing his favorite project dismantled, and so he set about making the tower an indispensable tool for the scientific community.

           Just days after its opening, Eiffel installed a meteorology laboratory on the third floor of the tower. He invited scientists to use the lab for their studies on everything from gravity to electricity. Ultimately, however, it was the tower's looming height, not its laboratory, that saved it from extinction.

Eiffel Tower

           In 1910, the city of Paris renewed Eiffel's concession for the tower because of the structure's usefulness as a wireless telegraph transmitter. The French military used the tower to communicate wirelessly with ships in the Atlantic Ocean and intercept enemy messages during World War I.

The tower is still home to more than 120 antennas, broadcasting both radio and television signals throughout the capital city and beyond.

The tower today

           The Eiffel Tower is still the centerpiece of Paris' cityscape. More than 7 million people visit this iconic tower every year, according to the attraction's official website. Since its opening in 1889, 250 million people from around the world have enjoyed all that the Eiffel Tower has to offer.

And it has a lot to offer. The tower's three platforms are home to two restaurants, several buffets, a banquet hall, a champagne bar and many unique gift shops. Educational tours of the tower are available for children and tourist groups.

            The tower is open to visitors 365 days a year, with visiting times varying by season. From June to September, the tower remains open until after midnight. Rates vary, but visitors can expect to pay between $19 (14.5 euros) and $13 (10 euros) per person for access to the tower's three public lifts and 704 stairs. Tickets, including group-discounted tickets, can be purchased online or at the ticket office at the foot of the tower.